{"id":2788,"date":"2017-03-11T01:36:22","date_gmt":"2017-03-10T22:36:22","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.celikavukatlik.com.tr\/?p=2788"},"modified":"2017-03-11T01:36:22","modified_gmt":"2017-03-10T22:36:22","slug":"medeni-hukukta-hapis-hakki","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/celikavukatlik.com\/tr\/medeni-hukukta-hapis-hakki\/","title":{"rendered":"Medeni Hukukta Hapis Hakk\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Medeni Hukukta Hapis Hakk\u0131<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n
\n\nT\u00fcrk Medeni Kanunu\u2019 nun Hapis Hakk\u0131 ile ilgili d\u00fczenlemeleri \u0130kinci K\u0131s\u0131m \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn Ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r Rehni ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda 950-953. maddeleri aras\u0131nda d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir.Ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r Rehininin d\u00fczenlendi\u011fi \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn birinci ayr\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 teslime ba\u011fl\u0131 rehin ve hapis hakk\u0131d\u0131r. Hapis hakk\u0131 ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 950. maddede hapis hakk\u0131n\u0131n ko\u015fullar\u0131 belirtilmi\u015f, 951. maddede hakk\u0131n kullan\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131 ayr\u0131ks\u0131 haller d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir. 952 . maddede alacak muaccel olmaks\u0131z\u0131n hakk\u0131n kullan\u0131labilece\u011fi haller, 953. maddede ise e\u015fyan\u0131n paraya \u00e7evrilmesi d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir.\n\n<\/div>\n
\n\n\u00c7al\u0131\u015fmam\u0131z\u0131n konusu olan hapis hakk\u0131 ile ilgili \u00f6nce genel bilgi verilmi\u015f,benzer d\u00fczenlemelerden farklar\u0131na de\u011finilmi\u015f ve MK.\u2019n\u0131n 950-953 maddeleri \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde ko\u015fullar\u0131,h\u00fck\u00fcmleri sona ermesi anlat\u0131lmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.Son olarak da MK.\u2019da hapis hakk\u0131na ili\u015fkin bu d\u00fczenlemeler genel oldu\u011fundan ve di\u011fer ba\u015fka kanunlarda da \u00f6zel olarak hapis hakk\u0131 d\u00fczenlendi\u011finden onlara da k\u0131saca de\u011finilmi\u015ftir.\n\n<\/div>\n
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I.T\u00dcRK MEDEN\u0130 KANUNUNDA D\u00dcZENLENEN \u015eEKL\u0130YLE HAP\u0130S HAKKI<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n
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A.KAVRAM<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n
Medeni Kanunumuzda hapis hakk\u0131na ili\u015fkin 950.madde ve devam\u0131nda genel bir d\u00fczenleme bulunmaktad\u0131r. MK.m.950\/f.1\u2019deki d\u00fczenleme \u2018Alacakl\u0131 bor\u00e7luya ait olup onun r\u0131zas\u0131yla zilyedi bulundu\u011fu ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 veya k\u0131ymetli evrak\u0131 borcun muaccel olmas\u0131 ve niteli\u011fi itibariyle bu e\u015fyan\u0131n alacak ile ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 bulunmas\u0131 halinde bor\u00e7 \u00f6deninceye kadar hapsedebilir.\u2019\u015feklindedir.Bu y\u00f6n\u00fcyle hapis hakk\u0131 bir bak\u0131ma alaca\u011fa teminat olma \u00f6zelli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r ancak a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da a\u00e7\u0131klanaca\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere benzer ayni teminatlardan ve hukuki d\u00fczenlemelerden farkl\u0131 \u00f6zellikler g\u00f6stermektedir.Yine MK.m.950\/f.1 metninden yola \u00e7\u0131karak doktrinde hapis hakk\u0131,kanuni \u015fartlar\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi halinde,alacakl\u0131ya zilyetli\u011finde bulunan ve geri verilmesi gerekli olan bor\u00e7luya ait ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r mallar veya k\u0131ymetli evrak\u0131 geri vermeyerek alaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n teminat\u0131 olarak al\u0131koyma ve paraya \u00e7evirme yetkisi veren bir ayni hak \u015feklinde tan\u0131mlanmaktad\u0131r.[1]<\/div>\n
Alman Medeni Kanunu hapis hakk\u0131n\u0131 bir def\u2019i olarak d\u00fczenlemi\u015ftir. Alman Medeni Kanununda hapis hakk\u0131 al\u0131koyma ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir. Bu \u015fekilde d\u00fczenlendi\u011finde hapis hakk\u0131n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 olarak tan\u0131nan def\u2019i hakk\u0131, sahibine zilyetli\u011findeki e\u015fyan\u0131n iadesini reddetme hakk\u0131 vermekle birlikte e\u015fyay\u0131 paraya \u00e7evirme hakk\u0131 vermemektedir.[2]( \u00c7ET\u0130NER, s. 40-41.)<\/div>\n
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B.HUKUK\u0130 N\u0130TEL\u0130\u011e\u0130<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n
Hapis hakk\u0131n\u0131n hukuki niteli\u011fi gerek hukuk tarihi boyunca gerek \u00e7e\u015fitli hukuk sistemlerinde farkl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcmlere sahiptir.[3]<\/div>\n
Hapis hakk\u0131n\u0131n hukuki niteli\u011fi \u0130svi\u00e7re doktrininde tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131d\u0131r. Huber, hapis hakk\u0131n\u0131 kanunun hak sahibine tan\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 ayni bir tasarruf kudreti olarak tan\u0131mlamaktad\u0131r. Wieland\u2019a g\u00f6re ise hapis hakk\u0131 hakiki bir ayni hakt\u0131r. Oftinger\u2019a g\u00f6re hapis hakk\u0131 bir rehin hakk\u0131 de\u011fildir ancak menkul rehni h\u00fck\u00fcmlerine tabi tutulmu\u015ftur.[4]Ancak doktrindeki bu tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda \u0130svi\u00e7re Medeni Kanununda d\u00fczenlenen \u015fekliyle hapis hakk\u0131n\u0131n, gerekti\u011finde sahibine e\u015fyay\u0131 tasarruf etme yetkisi veren ayni bir hak oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. \u0130svi\u00e7re Medeni Kanununda hapis hakk\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r rehninin d\u00fczenlendi\u011fi b\u00f6l\u00fcmde d\u00fczenlenmi\u015f,e\u015fyan\u0131n paraya \u00e7evrilmesi ile ilgili hususlar ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r rehni h\u00fck\u00fcmlerine \u0130svi\u00e7re Medeni Kanununda hapis hakk\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r rehninin d\u00fczenlendi\u011fi b\u00f6l\u00fcmde d\u00fczenlenmi\u015f, e\u015fyan\u0131n paraya \u00e7evrilmesi ile ilgili hususlar ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r rehni h\u00fck\u00fcmlerine tabi tutulmu\u015ftur. T\u00fcrk Medeni Kanununda yer alan hapis hakk\u0131 ile ilgili d\u00fczenlemeler de \u0130svi\u00e7re Medeni Kanunu ile paralel niteliktedir.[5]<\/div>\n
\u0130svi\u00e7re doktrininde hakim olan, hapis hakk\u0131n\u0131n bir ayni hak oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc, T\u00fcrk doktrininde de hemen hemen b\u00fct\u00fcn yazarlarca savunulmaktad\u0131r.[6] \u00d6rne\u011fin, Akipek\/Ak\u0131nt\u00fcrk, hapis hakk\u0131n\u0131n bir bak\u0131ma rehin hakk\u0131na benzedi\u011fini; rehin hakk\u0131 gibi de\u011fere ili\u015fkin haklardan oldu\u011funu; alacak \u00f6denmedi\u011finde, konusunu olu\u015fturan e\u015fyay\u0131 paraya \u00e7evirme yetkisi tan\u0131makta oldu\u011fundan kanuni rehin olarak da adland\u0131r\u0131lmakta oldu\u011funu belirtmektedir. O\u011f”\/Seli\u00e7i\/\u00d6zdemir\u2019 [7] de benzer \u015fekilde, hapis hakk\u0131n\u0131n, alacakl\u0131ya zilyetli\u011finde bulunan\u0131 al\u0131koyma ve paraya \u00e7evirme yetkisi veren bir ayni hak oldu\u011funu belirtmekte ve teslime ba\u011fl\u0131 rehinden farkl\u0131 olarak iradi bir rehin tipi olmay\u0131p kanuni \u015fartlar\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi ile kendili\u011finden do\u011fan bir rehin oldu\u011funu savunmaktad\u0131r. Yine Aybay\/Hatemi\u2019ye g\u00f6re hapis hakk\u0131 ayni bir hakt\u0131r ve herkese kar\u015f\u0131 ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclebilir. Bu \u00f6zelli\u011fi nedeniyle de hapis hakk\u0131 sahibi, hapsetti\u011fi e\u015fya \u00fczerinde, di\u011fer alacakl\u0131lara nazaran, alaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ncelikli olarak elde etmek olana\u011f\u0131na sahip olmaktad\u0131r. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k Cansel ise, hapis hakk\u0131n\u0131n paraya \u00e7evirtme yetkisinin kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 devrede ayni hak niteli\u011finde oldu\u011funu kabul etmekle birlikte, hapis hakk\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fdu\u011fu andan paraya \u00e7evirtme yetkisinin kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ana kadar olan devrede ise, ayni hak mahiyetinde bulunmay\u0131p hak sahibine ayni tasarruf yetkisi sa\u011flayan bir hak oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcndedir.[8]\u00c7etiner ise hapis hakk\u0131n\u0131n,alacakl\u0131ya sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 imkanlar da dikkate al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda hukuki mahiyetinin,m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131na dayanan taleplere kar\u015f\u0131,alacakl\u0131ya kanunen tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f olan ve ifadan ka\u00e7\u0131nma hakk\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na alma amac\u0131 g\u00fcden,ayni etkiye sahip bir def\u2019i oldu\u011funu t\u00fcm bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerin aksine s\u00f6ylemektedir.[9]<\/div>\n
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II.HAP\u0130S HAKKININ BENZER HUKUK\u0130 D\u00dcZENLEMELERDEN FARKI VE KAR\u015eILA\u015eTIRILMASI<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n
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A.Hapis Hakk\u0131-\u00d6demezlik Def\u2019i<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n
BK. m. 81 kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 edimleri ihtiva eden s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerde, alacakl\u0131n\u0131n bor\u00e7lunun ifas\u0131n\u0131 talep edebilmesi i\u00e7in, \u00f6nce kendi borcunu ifa etmesi veya en az\u0131ndan ifay\u0131 teklif etmi\u015f olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi kural\u0131n\u0131 koymu\u015ftur. Bor\u00e7lu, kendi edimini \u00f6ncelikle ifa etmeyen alacakl\u0131n\u0131n ifa talebine kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k \u00f6demezlik def\u2019i ileri s\u00fcrerek ifadan ka\u00e7\u0131nabilir.[10] \u00d6demezlik def\u2019i ile hapis hakk\u0131 aras\u0131nda \u00f6nemli farkl\u0131l\u0131klar vard\u0131r.Bor\u00e7lu bu def\u2019i sayesinde borcunu ifa etmemekte edimini ifadan ka\u00e7\u0131nmaktad\u0131r.. Bu al\u0131koyma hapis hakk\u0131ndan farkl\u0131d\u0131r \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bor\u00e7lu kendi m\u00fclkiyetinde bulunan \u015feyi bor\u00e7luya ifa etmemekte, vermemektedir. Oysa hapis hakk\u0131 alacakl\u0131ya bor\u00e7lunun e\u015fyas\u0131n\u0131 hapsetme hakk\u0131 verir. \u00d6demezli def\u2019i yaln\u0131zca kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 bor\u00e7 do\u011furan bor\u00e7 ili\u015fkileri ile s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 olarak ve yine de\u011fi\u015fim ili\u015fkisi i\u00e7erisinde bulunan edimler i\u00e7in ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclebilmektedir.[11] Hapis hakk\u0131nda ise, alacakl\u0131n\u0131n iade y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ile bor\u00e7lunun edimi aras\u0131nda bu t\u00fcrden bir kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131k ili\u015fkisi bulunmas\u0131 zorunlu de\u011fildir.[12] Di\u011fer bir farkl\u0131l\u0131k ise, sahibine ifadan ka\u00e7\u0131nma hakk\u0131 tan\u0131yan \u00f6demezlik def\u2019i buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k alacakl\u0131ya e\u015fyay\u0131 paraya \u00e7evirme yetkisi vermez.Oysa hapis hakk\u0131 sahibi alacakl\u0131,bor\u00e7 \u00f6denmez veya yeterli g\u00fcvence g\u00f6sterilmezse bor\u00e7luya veya \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc \u015fahsa ait e\u015fyay\u0131,ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r rehni h\u00fck\u00fcmlerine g\u00f6re paraya \u00e7evirme hakk\u0131na sahiptir.(MK.m.953.)<\/div>\n
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B.Hapis Hakk\u0131-Teslime Ba\u011fl\u0131 Rehin<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n
Medeni Kanun anlam\u0131nda teslime ba\u011fl\u0131 rehin anlam olarak ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r rehnini ifade etmektedir. Ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r rehni de, hapis hakk\u0131 da alaca\u011fa ba\u011fl\u0131 fer\u2019i hakt\u0131r. Alacak ortadan kalk\u0131nca ona ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak ortadan kalkarlar. \u0130kisi de de\u011fere ili\u015fkin olup muaccel alacak \u00f6denmedi\u011finde alacakl\u0131ya zilyetli\u011findeki e\u015fyay\u0131 paraya \u00e7evirme yetkisi verir. \u0130\u0130K\u2019n\u0131n menkul rehnine ili\u015fkin h\u00fck\u00fcmleri hapis hakk\u0131na da uygulan\u0131r. Medeni Kanunun sistemati\u011finde de hapis hakk\u0131 menkul rehni ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda 950-953.maddelerde d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir. Her ikisinde de hak e\u015fyaya alacakl\u0131n\u0131n zilyet k\u0131l\u0131nmas\u0131yla sa\u011flan\u0131r. Her ikisi de alaca\u011fa teminat niteli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131r ve bor\u00e7 \u00f6denmedi\u011fi takdirde alacakl\u0131ya zilyetli\u011findeki bor\u00e7luya ait e\u015fyay\u0131 cebri icra yolu ile satt\u0131rarak paraya \u00e7evirme yetkisi verir. Hapis hakk\u0131 konusu e\u015fya paraya \u00e7evrilirken \u0130\u0130K\u2019n\u0131n menkul rehnine ili\u015fkin h\u00fck\u00fcmleri uygulan\u0131r. [13]<\/div>\n
Hapis hakk\u0131 ile ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r rehni aras\u0131ndaki bu benzerliklerin yan\u0131nda aralar\u0131nda \u00e7e\u015fitli farkl\u0131l\u0131klar bulunmaktad\u0131r. Teslime ba\u011fl\u0131 rehinden farkl\u0131 olarak hapis hakk\u0131, iradi bir rehin tipi de\u011fildir; kurulmas\u0131 i\u00e7in bir ayni s\u00f6zle\u015fmeye gerek yoktur. Kanuni \u015fartlar\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi ile rehin kendili\u011finden do\u011far. [14] Di\u011fer bir farkl\u0131l\u0131k ise hapis hakk\u0131, al\u0131konan e\u015fyalardan, alaca\u011f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamaya yetecek kadar\u0131 \u00fczerinde kullan\u0131labilir. Bundan fazlas\u0131n\u0131n bor\u00e7luya geri verilmesi gerekir. [15]<\/div>\n
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III.HAP\u0130S HAKKININ KONUSU VE \u015eARTLARI<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n
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A.KONUSU<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n
Medeni Kanunun 950.maddesiyle getirilen s\u0131n\u0131rlay\u0131c\u0131 d\u00fczenleme uyar\u0131nca hapis hakk\u0131n\u0131n konusunu ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r e\u015fya ile k\u0131ymetli evrak te\u015fkil edebilir.[16]<\/div>\n
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1.TA\u015eINIR E\u015eYA<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n
\u00dczerinde hapis hakk\u0131 kullan\u0131lacak ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131rlar, paraya \u00e7evrilebilecek nitelikte de\u011feri olan ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131rlard\u0131r. Paraya \u00e7evirme imkan\u0131 olmayan \u00f6rne\u011fin, diploma, mektup gibi \u015feyler \u00fczerinde hapis hakk\u0131 tesis edilemeyece\u011fi gibi,[17] sadece ispat vas\u0131tas\u0131 say\u0131lan ve para de\u011feri olmayan belgeler \u00fczerinde de hapis hakk\u0131 kullan\u0131lamaz.[18]<\/div>\n
Hapis hakk\u0131 bir ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r rehni tipi oldu\u011fundan ta\u015f\u0131nmazlar \u00fczerinde MK. m. 950 anlam\u0131nda bir hapis hakk\u0131 kullan\u0131lamaz. Ancak, MK. m. 994\u2019e g\u00f6re iyi niyetli zilyet, mal\u0131 geri verirken, yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 zorunlu ve faydal\u0131 masraflar\u0131 isteyebilir ve bu masraflar\u0131 geri vermeyi talep eden taraf\u0131ndan kendisine \u00f6deninceye kadar, mal\u0131 geri vermekten ka\u00e7\u0131nabilir. Bu h\u00fckm\u00fcn lafz\u0131ndan da anla\u015f\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere iyi niyetli zilyedin masraflar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k sahip oldu\u011fu hak MK. m. 950 anlam\u0131nda bir hapis hakk\u0131 de\u011fil, al\u0131 koyma hakk\u0131d\u0131r.[19][20] Bu hak zilyede, masraflar \u00f6denmedi\u011fi takdirde, mal\u0131 paraya \u00e7evirme imkan\u0131 sa\u011flamaz sadece mal\u0131 al\u0131 koyma hakk\u0131 sa\u011flar.[21]<\/div>\n
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2.KIYMETL\u0130 EVRAK<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n
Her ne kadar haklar, hapis hakk\u0131na konu olamasalar da, bunlardan TTK.m.557 anlam\u0131nda k\u0131ymetli evraka ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015f olan ve onsuz ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclmeleri ve devirleri m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmayanlar\u0131 hapis hakk\u0131na konu olabileceklerdir.[22] Bu kapsama, \u00f6rne\u011fin hamiline ve emre yaz\u0131l\u0131 senetler girdi\u011fi gibi, nama yaz\u0131l\u0131 senetler de, senede ba\u011fl\u0131 hak senetsiz ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclemez ve yine senetsiz ba\u015fkas\u0131na devredilemez ise hapsedilebileceklerdir.[23] Bunun i\u00e7in hapis hakk\u0131 sahibine senetlerin ciro edilmi\u015f olmas\u0131 gerekmedi\u011fi gibi, senede ba\u011fl\u0131 hakk\u0131n da temlik edilmi\u015f olmas\u0131 zorunlu de\u011fildir.[24]<\/div>\n
Bir k\u0131ymetli evrak\u0131n hapsedilip hapsedilemeyece\u011fi hususunda ihtilaf ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 halinde, evrak ile buna ba\u011fl\u0131 hak aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkini yorumu g\u00fcndeme gelecektir. Bu noktada ,s\u00f6z konusu k\u0131ymetli evrak olmaks\u0131z\u0131n,bor\u00e7lunun kendisine ait hakk\u0131 ileri s\u00fcrmesinin m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve yine alacakl\u0131n\u0131n elinde bulundurdu\u011fu k\u0131ymetli evrak\u0131n paraya \u00e7evrilmesini isteme ve bu yolla alaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n tatminini sa\u011flama imkan\u0131na sahip olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na bak\u0131lacakt\u0131r.[25] Bu ba\u011flamda hapsedilebilecek ve hapsedilemeyecek k\u0131ymetli evraka \u00f6rnek olarak \u015funlar verilebilir:<\/div>\n
\n

a.Hapsedilebilecek K\u0131ymetli Evrak<\/h4>\n<\/div>\n
\n\n-Kambiyo Senetleri(TTK m.583 vd):Poli\u00e7e,\u00e7ek,emre muharrer senet\n\n-\u0130potekli Bor\u00e7 Senedi(MK.m.898),irat senedi(MK.m.903),rehinli tahviller(MK.m.930).\n\n-Nama yaz\u0131l\u0131 hisse senetleri\n\n-Emtiay\u0131 temsil eden senetler: Burada hapis hakk\u0131n\u0131n konusunu yaln\u0131zca k\u0131ymetli evrak de\u011fil ayn\u0131 zamanda temsil etti\u011fi emtia da olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r.\n\n-Makbuz senedi ve varant (TTK.m.744\/f.1,m.745\/f.2,m.751,m.754).\n\n-Ta\u015f\u0131ma senedi (TTK.m.768).\n\n-Koni\u015fmento (TTK.m.1097).\n\n<\/div>\n
\n

b.Hapis Hakk\u0131na Konu Te\u015fkil Edemeyecek Belgeler<\/h4>\n<\/div>\n
\n\n\u2013Yaln\u0131z delil mahiyetindeki senetler:Zira bunlarda TTK.m.557 \u00a0anlam\u0131nda herhangi bir hak ile ba\u011fl\u0131 de\u011fildir,\u00f6rne\u011fin limited \u015firketlerdeki pay senetleri,ipotek belgesi,basit bor\u00e7 ikrar\u0131,havale belgesi,muhasebe kay\u0131t ve belgeleri ile mektup ve yaz\u0131\u015fmalar.\n\n-Hayat sigortas\u0131 poli\u00e7eleri\n\n-\u0130braz edilecek senetler: Bu senetlerde alaca\u011f\u0131n veya di\u011fer haklar\u0131n mevcudiyeti senedin mevcudiyetine ba\u011fl\u0131 de\u011fildir ve bor\u00e7lu senet olmadan da \u00f6demede bulunabilir veya senet olmaks\u0131z\u0131n da hak sahibidir. \u00d6rne\u011fin k\u0131ymetli evrak kayd\u0131 i\u00e7ermeyen tasarruf c\u00fczdanlar\u0131, fikri haklara ili\u015fkin belgeler (marka, patent tescil belgesi gibi).\n\n<\/div>\n
\n

B.\u015eARTLARI<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n
Hapis hakk\u0131, kanunda belirtilen a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki \u015fartlar\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesiyle kendili\u011finden do\u011far.[26]<\/div>\n
\n

1.BOR\u00c7LUNUN RIZASIYLA ALACAKLININ Z\u0130LYETL\u0130\u011e\u0130<\/h4>\n<\/div>\n
Alacakl\u0131 bor\u00e7lunun r\u0131zas\u0131 ile ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131ra veya k\u0131ymetli evraka zilyet olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Burada bor\u00e7lunun mal \u00fczerindeki dolays\u0131z zilyetli\u011fine son verilerek, dolays\u0131z zilyetli\u011fin alacakl\u0131ya sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015f bulunmas\u0131 gerekir.[27] \u015eayet alacakl\u0131, bor\u00e7luya ait mal\u0131 bir \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ki\u015fiye teslim etmi\u015f olup, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ki\u015fi de, alacakl\u0131 i\u00e7in zilyet durumunda ise, alacakl\u0131 dolayl\u0131 zilyet olarak hapis hakk\u0131n\u0131 kullanabilir.[28] Alacakl\u0131 ile bor\u00e7lunun e\u015fyaya i\u015ftirak halinde zilyet olmalar\u0131 da, hapis hakk\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fumuna engel olmaz.[29] Ancak bor\u00e7luya tek ba\u015f\u0131na mal \u00fczerinde fiili hakimiyet sa\u011flayan m\u00fc\u015fterek zilyetlik halinde, alacakl\u0131 mal \u00fczerinde hapis hakk\u0131na sahip olamaz.[30]<\/div>\n
K\u0131ymetli evrak \u00fczerinde hapis hakk\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fumu i\u00e7in de zilyet olmak yeterlidir.[31] Ayr\u0131ca emre yaz\u0131l\u0131 senetlerde ciroya nama yaz\u0131l\u0131 senetlerde temlike gerek yoktur.<\/div>\n
Alacakl\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r mallara veya k\u0131ymetli evraka bor\u00e7lunun r\u0131zas\u0131yla zilyet olmal\u0131d\u0131r.[32] Alacakl\u0131n\u0131n kendi ba\u015f\u0131na veya hile ile elde etti\u011fi e\u015fyalar; bor\u00e7lunun elinden r\u0131zas\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda al\u0131nan e\u015fya; yine bor\u00e7lunun temsilcisi yahut yard\u0131mc\u0131 \u015fahs\u0131 olmayan \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ki\u015filere verdi\u011fi fakat bunlar\u0131n bor\u00e7lunun r\u0131zas\u0131 olmadan alacakl\u0131ya tevdi etti\u011fi e\u015fya; alacakl\u0131n\u0131n yanl\u0131\u015fl\u0131kla veya tesad\u00fcfen eline ge\u00e7mi\u015f e\u015fya hapis hakk\u0131na konu olamayacakt\u0131r.[33]<\/div>\n
Her ne kadar kural gere\u011fi hapis hakk\u0131 bor\u00e7luya ait olan ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r mallar veya k\u0131ymetli evrak \u00fczerinde kullan\u0131labilse de g\u00fcvenin korunmas\u0131 prensibi hapis hakk\u0131na da uygulanabilece\u011finden MK.m.950\/3 gere\u011fi alacakl\u0131, bor\u00e7lu taraf\u0131ndan kendisine teslim edilen \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ki\u015fiye ait bir ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r \u00fczerinde, MK. m. 988-990 h\u00fck\u00fcmlerine g\u00f6re iyi niyeti korundu\u011fu oranda hapis hakk\u0131na sahip olabilecektir.[34]<\/div>\n
\n

2.ALACA\u011eIN MUACCEL OLMASI<\/h4>\n<\/div>\n
MK. m. 950\/f.1\u2019e g\u00f6re hapis hakk\u0131 ancak muaccel hale gelmi\u015f alacaklar\u0131 g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na almak i\u00e7in s\u00f6z konusu olabilir. Alacak, hapis hakk\u0131n\u0131n ileri s\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc s\u0131rada muaccel olmal\u0131d\u0131r, zilyetli\u011fin kazan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 anda alaca\u011f\u0131n muaccel olmas\u0131 \u015fart de\u011fildir.[35] S\u00f6z konusu alacak, para alaca\u011f\u0131 olabilece\u011fi gibi, yapma borcuna ili\u015fkin bir talep yahut alacakl\u0131 malikin e\u015fyas\u0131n\u0131n iadesi talebi gibi ayni bir talep de olabilir.[36] Ancak alaca\u011f\u0131n mutlaka para ile \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclebilir bir de\u011feri olmas\u0131 gerekir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc hapis hakk\u0131n\u0131n amac\u0131, bir mal\u0131n paraya \u00e7evrilmesiyle alacakl\u0131ya parayla de\u011ferlendirilebilen bir alaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tahsil imkan\u0131 sa\u011flamakt\u0131r.[37]<\/div>\n
Yukar\u0131da da bahsetti\u011fimiz gibi alacakl\u0131 ancak muaccel hale gelmi\u015f ve para ile \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclebilir de\u011feri olan bir alaca\u011fa ili\u015fkin hapis hakk\u0131n\u0131 kullanabilece\u011finden ge\u00e7ersiz, zamana\u015f\u0131m\u0131na u\u011fram\u0131\u015f alacaklar i\u00e7in hapis hakk\u0131 s\u00f6z konusu olamayacakt\u0131r.[38] Ancak hapis hakk\u0131 do\u011fduktan sonra alacak zamana\u015f\u0131m\u0131na u\u011fram\u0131\u015fsa, bu hapis hakk\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131lmas\u0131na engel olmaz. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bir ayni hak olan hapis hakk\u0131n\u0131n zamana\u015f\u0131m\u0131na u\u011framas\u0131 s\u00f6z konusu olmaz.[39]<\/div>\n
Son olarak her ne kadar hapis hakk\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131labilmesi i\u00e7in alaca\u011f\u0131n muaccel olmas\u0131 \u015fart ise de MK.m.952 h\u00fckm\u00fc bu kurala istisna getirmi\u015ftir. Bu h\u00fckme g\u00f6re bor\u00e7lu acze d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f veya iflas etmi\u015fse, hapis hakk\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131labilmesi i\u00e7in art\u0131k muacceliyet aranmayacakt\u0131r.<\/div>\n
\n

3.ALACAK \u0130LE E\u015eYA VEYA KIYMETL\u0130 EVRAK ARASINDA \u0130RT\u0130BAT<\/h4>\n<\/div>\n
MK. m. 950\u2019ye g\u00f6re alacakl\u0131n\u0131n, zilyetli\u011findeki bor\u00e7luya ait ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r mallar ve k\u0131ymetli evrak \u00fczerinde hapis hakk\u0131n\u0131 kazanabilmesi i\u00e7in niteli\u011fi itibariyle bu e\u015fyan\u0131n alacak ile ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 bulunmas\u0131 gerekmektedir. Burada ba\u011flant\u0131n\u0131n bulunup bulunmamas\u0131 d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fck kural\u0131na g\u00f6re tespit edilecektir.[40] Zilyetli\u011finde bulunan bor\u00e7luya ait mallar\u0131n veya k\u0131ymetli evrak\u0131n bor\u00e7 yerine getirilmeden geri verilmesinin alacakl\u0131dan istenmesinin d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fck kural\u0131na ayk\u0131r\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fece\u011fi hallerde nitelik itibariyle ba\u011flant\u0131 vard\u0131r.[41] Yine alacak, mal veya k\u0131ymetli evrak dolay\u0131s\u0131yla do\u011fmu\u015fsa, bu takdirde de alacak ile e\u015fya aras\u0131nda bir ba\u011flant\u0131 oldu\u011fundan s\u00f6z edilebilir.[42] \u00d6rne\u011fin; alacakl\u0131n\u0131n, zilyetli\u011finde bulunan mallar i\u00e7in yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 masraflar i\u00e7in hapis hakk\u0131 vard\u0131r.[43] Ya da bu mallar dolay\u0131s\u0131yla alacakl\u0131 bir zarara u\u011fram\u0131\u015fsa, bu zarar\u0131n tazmini i\u00e7in alacakl\u0131 hapis hakk\u0131na sahiptir.[44]<\/div>\n
Son olarak MK m.950\/f.2,tacirler aras\u0131 alacaklar ile e\u015fya aras\u0131ndaki irtibat ko\u015fulu bak\u0131m\u0131ndan daha esnek bir d\u00fczenleme i\u00e7ermektedir.[45] Bu h\u00fckme g\u00f6re Hapis hakk\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in, zilyetlik ve alaca\u011f\u0131n, bor\u00e7lu ve alacakl\u0131 tacir aras\u0131ndaki ticari ili\u015fkilerden do\u011fmu\u015f olmas\u0131 hapis hakk\u0131 i\u00e7in yeterli olacakt\u0131r;[46] ancak iki taraf i\u00e7in de bu ticari ili\u015fkinin ticari i\u015fletmelerinin niteli\u011fine uygun bir ili\u015fki olmas\u0131 aranmal\u0131d\u0131r.[47] Ticari hapis hakk\u0131nda, alaca\u011f\u0131n do\u011frudan do\u011fruya hapsedilen mala ili\u015fkin olmas\u0131 da \u015fart de\u011fildir.[48] Di\u011fer bir deyi\u015fle alacak ve zilyetlik farkl\u0131 hukuki i\u015flemlere dayansalar dahi, e\u011fer tacirlerin kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 i\u015f ve ticaret ili\u015fkilerinden do\u011fmu\u015flarsa irtibat var kabul edilecektir.[49] \u0130rtibat\u0131n bu \u015fekilde var kabul edilmesinin temelinde tacirler aras\u0131nda, i\u015f ili\u015fkileri \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde \u00e7o\u011funlukla birbirinden farkl\u0131 ve ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z \u00e7ok say\u0131da i\u015flemin yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi yatmaktad\u0131r.[50]<\/div>\n
\n

4.HAP\u0130S HAKKININ KULLANILMASININ BERTARAF ED\u0130LMEM\u0130\u015e OLMASI<\/h4>\n<\/div>\n
MK. m. 951\/f.2\u2019ye g\u00f6re, alacakl\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcstlendi\u011fi y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckle veya bor\u00e7lunun teslim s\u0131ras\u0131nda ya da daha \u00f6nce verdi\u011fi talimatla veya kamu d\u00fczeniyle ba\u011fda\u015fmayan hallerde hapis hakk\u0131 kullan\u0131lamaz. Yani yukar\u0131da a\u00e7\u0131klanan \u00fc\u00e7 \u015fart ger\u00e7eklemi\u015f olsa dahi, bu madde h\u00fckm\u00fcne g\u00f6re \u00fc\u00e7 halde alacakl\u0131 hapis hakk\u0131n\u0131 kullanamayacakt\u0131r.[51] Bunlar;<\/div>\n
Alacakl\u0131 hapis hakk\u0131n\u0131 kullanmamay\u0131 bor\u00e7luya kar\u015f\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyle taahh\u00fct etmi\u015fse hapis hakk\u0131 kazan\u0131lamayacakt\u0131r.[52] Hapis hakk\u0131ndan feragat s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin, alacakl\u0131n\u0131n mallar \u00fczerinde dolays\u0131z zilyetli\u011fi elde etmesinden \u00f6nce veya sonra yap\u0131lmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.[53]<\/div>\n
Alacakl\u0131n\u0131n hapis hakk\u0131n\u0131 kullanamayaca\u011f\u0131 di\u011fer bir hal ise bor\u00e7lunun, alacakl\u0131y\u0131 e\u015fyaya zilyet k\u0131larken veya daha \u00f6nce, ona hapis hakk\u0131n\u0131 kullanamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bildirmi\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r.[54]<\/div>\n
Son bir hal ise hapis hakk\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 kamu d\u00fczeni ile ba\u011fda\u015fm\u0131yorsa, hapis hakk\u0131 kullan\u0131lamaz.[55] Kamu hukukunun veya \u00f6zel hukukun kamu yarar\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesiyle koydu\u011fu emredici h\u00fck\u00fcmler, para de\u011feri olan baz\u0131 e\u015fya \u00fczerinde hapis hakk\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 engeller.[56] \u00d6rnek olarak, sat\u0131lmas\u0131 yasak olan askeri ara\u00e7 ve gere\u00e7ler \u00fczerinde hapis hakk\u0131 kullan\u0131lamaz.[57] Haczi kabil olmayan e\u015fyalar \u00fczerinde de hapis hakk\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131 kabul edilmektedir.[58]<\/div>\n
A\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z \u00fc\u00e7 halin mevcudiyeti halinde, alacakl\u0131n\u0131n hapis hakk\u0131n\u0131 kullanmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. Ancak yukar\u0131da say\u0131lan ilk iki durum ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015f, yani alacakl\u0131 hapis hakk\u0131ndan feragat etmi\u015f veya hapis hakk\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131lmamas\u0131 i\u00e7in bor\u00e7lu talimat vermi\u015f olsa bile, e\u015fya alacakl\u0131ya teslim edildikten sonra, bor\u00e7lu aciz haline d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f veya daha \u00f6nce d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f olmakla birlikte, alacakl\u0131 bunu mal\u0131n tesliminden sonra \u00f6\u011frenmi\u015fse, MK.m.952\/f.2 gere\u011fi alacakl\u0131 yine hapis hakk\u0131n\u0131 kullanabilecektir.[59]<\/div>\n
\n

IV.HAP\u0130S HAKKININ H\u00dcK\u00dcMLER\u0130<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n
\n

A.ALACAKLININ HAKLARI<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n
Hapis hakk\u0131n\u0131n alacakl\u0131ya sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 imkanlar mal\u0131 bor\u00e7luya geri vermekten ka\u00e7\u0131nma ve mal\u0131 paraya \u00e7evirmedir.<\/div>\n
\n

1.MALI GER\u0130 VERMEKTEN KA\u00c7INMA HAKKI<\/h4>\n<\/div>\n
Alacakl\u0131, bor\u00e7 ifa edilmedi\u011fi s\u00fcrece, zilyetli\u011finde bulunan mal\u0131 bor\u00e7luya iadeden ka\u00e7\u0131nabilir.[60] Alacakl\u0131n\u0131n hapis hakk\u0131, sadece alaca\u011f\u0131na yetecek kadar olan mal \u00fczerindedir. Mal\u0131n fazlas\u0131 i\u00e7in alacakl\u0131n\u0131n hapis hakk\u0131 yoktur; bunlar\u0131 bor\u00e7luya iade etmek zorundad\u0131r.[61] E\u011fer alacakl\u0131 mallar\u0131 geri vermekten ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131rsa, hakk\u0131 olmadan mallar\u0131 al\u0131koyma durumuna d\u00fc\u015fer ve bu y\u00fczden bor\u00e7lunun u\u011frad\u0131\u011f\u0131 zararlar\u0131 tazminle y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc olur.[62] Ancak mal b\u00f6l\u00fcnemeyen bir malsa, alacakl\u0131 alaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tamamen tahsil etmeden e\u015fyay\u0131 geri vermeye mecbur de\u011fildir.[63]<\/div>\n
Bor\u00e7lu, alacakl\u0131dan mallar\u0131n\u0131n veya k\u0131ymetli evrak\u0131n geri verilmesini istedi\u011finde hapis hakk\u0131na sahip olan alacakl\u0131, mal\u0131 geri vermekten ka\u00e7\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 defi olarak ileri s\u00fcrer.[64] Burada s\u00f6z konusu olan defi alacakl\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclmesi zorunlu ve resen g\u00f6zetilmesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmayan bir def\u2019idir.[65] Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla mahkeme, alacakl\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclen bu defi \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde, hapis hakk\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131l\u0131p kullan\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 inceler.[66]<\/div>\n
\n

2.HAPSED\u0130LEN MALI PARAYA \u00c7EV\u0130RME<\/h4>\n<\/div>\n
MK.m.953\/f.1 h\u00fckm\u00fcne g\u00f6re, bor\u00e7 yerine getirilmez ve yeterli g\u00fcvence de g\u00f6sterilmezse alacakl\u0131, bor\u00e7luyu daha \u00f6nce bildirimde bulunarak, hapsetti\u011fi \u015feylerin teslime ba\u011fl\u0131 rehin h\u00fck\u00fcmleri uyar\u0131nca paraya \u00e7evrilmesini isteyebilir. Madde h\u00fckm\u00fcnden de anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi hapsedilen e\u015fyan\u0131n paraya \u00e7evrilmesi i\u015flemleri, MK.m.953\/f.1\u2019in rehin h\u00fck\u00fcmlerine yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 at\u0131f ve yine \u0130\u0130K m.23\/f.2\u2019de yer alan ve bu kanun kapsam\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r rehni tabirinin, hapis hakk\u0131n\u0131 da kapsad\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair a\u00e7\u0131k h\u00fck\u00fcm nedeniyle, \u0130\u0130K m.145 vd.\u2019da d\u00fczenlenen ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r rehninin paraya \u00e7evrilmesi h\u00fck\u00fcmlerine g\u00f6re y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclecektir.[67] Ancak mal\u0131n paraya \u00e7evrilmesi iki \u015farta ba\u011fl\u0131 tutulmu\u015ftur:<\/div>\n
a.Alacakl\u0131, paraya \u00e7evirmeden \u00f6nce,bor\u00e7luya ihbarda bulunmal\u0131d\u0131r.Kanunda yer alan bu bildirim y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn amac\u0131, bor\u00e7luya teminat g\u00f6stermek suretiyle,mal\u0131n paraya \u00e7evrilmesini \u00f6nlemek imkan\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak istemi\u015ftir.[68] Bildirim,herhangi bir \u015fekil yahut s\u00fcre ko\u015fuluna ba\u011flanmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r;yaz\u0131l\u0131 yahut s\u00f6zl\u00fc olarak,e\u015fya paraya \u00e7evrilmeden \u00f6nce her zaman yap\u0131labilir.[69] \u0130\u0130K.m.146\u2019ya g\u00f6re,\u00f6deme emrinin tebli\u011fi yeterli bir ihbar say\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.[70] Di\u011fer bir deyi\u015fle \u0130\u0130K m.146 uyar\u0131nca icra dairesi taraf\u0131ndan bor\u00e7luya g\u00f6nderilecek \u00f6deme emri de bu bildirimin yerine ge\u00e7ebilecektir.<\/div>\n
b.Alacakl\u0131n\u0131n mal\u0131 paraya \u00e7evirebilmesi i\u00e7in ikinci \u015fart ise bor\u00e7lunun yeterli teminat g\u00f6stermemi\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r.G\u00f6sterilen teminat ayni olabilece\u011fi gibi, ki\u015fisel de olabilir. Yeterli teminat g\u00f6sterilince, bunun yaln\u0131z paraya \u00e7evirmeyi mi engelleyece\u011fi, yoksa hapis hakk\u0131n\u0131 da sona m\u0131 erdirece\u011fi tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131d\u0131r. Hapis hakk\u0131n\u0131n sona erece\u011fi fikri daha hakim g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.[71] Ancak bizim de kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f uyar\u0131nca, teminat\u0131n sonradan yetersiz hale gelebilece\u011fi de g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde tutularak, teminat g\u00f6sterilmesinin hapis hakk\u0131n\u0131 sona erdirmeyece\u011fini, sadece sat\u0131\u015f\u0131 durduraca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kabul etmek gerekir.[72]<\/div>\n
\n

B.HAP\u0130S HAKKI \u0130LE TEM\u0130NAT ALTINA ALINAN ALACA\u011eIN TEML\u0130K\u0130<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n
Teminat alt\u0131na al\u0131nan alaca\u011f\u0131n temliki halinde, alacakla birlikte hapis hakk\u0131n\u0131n da yeni alacakl\u0131ya ge\u00e7ip ge\u00e7meyece\u011fi tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/div>\n
Baz\u0131 yazarlar,[73] hapis hakk\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in, alacakl\u0131n\u0131n ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r mala ve k\u0131ymetli evraka zilyet olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini ileri s\u00fcrerek mal \u00fczerinde zilyetli\u011fi kazanmayan yeni alacakl\u0131n\u0131n hapis hakk\u0131n\u0131 kazanamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kabul etmektedirler. Baz\u0131 yazarlar[74]ise, medeni yahut genel hapis hakk\u0131n\u0131n, alaca\u011f\u0131n temliki ile BK m.168 gere\u011fince ge\u00e7ece\u011fini, ticari hapis hakk\u0131n\u0131n ise ge\u00e7meyece\u011fini savunmaktad\u0131rlar. Bir di\u011fer g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f[75] ise alacakl\u0131 ile mal aras\u0131nda niteli\u011fi itibariyle, maddi objektif ba\u011flant\u0131 varsa hapis hakk\u0131n\u0131n yeni alacakl\u0131ya ge\u00e7ece\u011fini, sadece hukuki ba\u011flant\u0131 halinde ise ge\u00e7meyece\u011fini kabul etmektedir.<\/div>\n
Bizim de kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f uyar\u0131nca, hapis hakk\u0131 alaca\u011fa ba\u011fl\u0131 bir yan hak olarak, kanunen BK m.168 gere\u011fince, teminat alt\u0131na ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 alaca\u011f\u0131n temliki ile yeni alacakl\u0131ya ge\u00e7er.[76]<\/div>\n
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V.HAP\u0130S HAKKININ SONA ERMES\u0130<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n
Teslime ba\u011fl\u0131 rehni sona erdiren sebepler hapis hakk\u0131n\u0131n sona ermesine de yol a\u00e7ar. Alacakl\u0131n\u0131n elinden zilyetli\u011fin \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131, hapis hakk\u0131n\u0131 sona erdirir. Fakat alacakl\u0131 zilyetli\u011fi r\u0131zas\u0131 olmadan kaybetmi\u015fse, mal\u0131 dava yoluyla elde edinceye kadar, hapis hakk\u0131 ask\u0131da kal\u0131r. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k, teslime ba\u011fl\u0131 rehinden farkl\u0131 olarak, alacakl\u0131n\u0131n r\u0131zas\u0131 ile ge\u00e7ici olarak dolays\u0131z zilyetlik bor\u00e7lunun eline ge\u00e7erse, hapis hakk\u0131 sona erer.[77] Burada teslime ba\u011fl\u0131 rehinden farkl\u0131 olarak MK m. 943\/f.2 uygulanmayacakt\u0131r.\u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu madde h\u00fckm\u00fc uyar\u0131nca teslime ba\u011fl\u0131 rehinde rehnedenin, rehinli alacakl\u0131n\u0131n r\u0131zas\u0131 ile rehnedilene zilyet olmas\u0131, ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r rehnini sona erdirmeyecek, ancak bu s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r rehninin h\u00fck\u00fcmleri ask\u0131da kalacakt\u0131r.<\/div>\n
\n

VII.HAP\u0130S HAKKININ \u00d6ZEL \u00c7E\u015e\u0130TLER\u0130<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n
Yukar\u0131da da a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z Medeni Kanunun 950-953.maddeleri genel hapis hakk\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenlemektedir. Genel hapis hakk\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenleyen bu h\u00fck\u00fcmlerin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ayr\u0131ca Medeni Kanun, Bor\u00e7lar Kanunu, Ticaret Kanunu ve di\u011fer \u00f6zel kanunlarda alacakl\u0131ya, bor\u00e7luya ait e\u015fyay\u0131, alaca\u011f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda hapsetme yetkisi veren bir\u00e7ok d\u00fczenleme vard\u0131r.[78] Bunlar:<\/div>\n
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A.Bor\u00e7lar Kanununda Yer Alan Hapis Hakk\u0131n\u0131n \u00d6zel \u00c7e\u015fitleri<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n
Bor\u00e7lar Kanununda yer alan ardiyecinin (BK.m.476\/f.3) hapis hakk\u0131 genel hapis hakk\u0131ndan farkl\u0131 olmayan ve adeta genel hapis hakk\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6zel uygulamalar\u0131 mahiyetinde bulunan hapis haklar\u0131d\u0131r.[79]Yine Bor\u00e7lar Kanununda yer alan adi kira ve has\u0131lat kiras\u0131nda kiralayan\u0131n (BK.m.267-269, m. 281) ve otelci, hanc\u0131, umumi ah\u0131r ve garaj sahiplerinin (BK.m.482) hapis hakk\u0131, genel hapis hakk\u0131ndan farkl\u0131 niteli\u011fe sahiptir. Bunlarda, alacakl\u0131 mallar \u00fczerinde bir zilyetli\u011fe sahip de\u011fildir; dolays\u0131z zilyetli\u011fe bor\u00e7lu sahiptir. Di\u011fer taraftan, hapis hakk\u0131 yaln\u0131z muaccel alacaklar i\u00e7in de\u011fil hen\u00fcz muaccel olmam\u0131\u015f alacaklar i\u00e7in de tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu y\u00fczden s\u00f6z konusu hapis haklar\u0131, genel hapis hakk\u0131ndan fark esaslara tabidir[80]<\/div>\n
\n

B.T\u00fcrk Ticaret Kanununda Yer Alan Hapis Hakk\u0131n\u0131n \u00d6zel \u00c7e\u015fitleri<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n
Acentenin hapis hakk\u0131 (TTK.m.132,Ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n hapis hakk\u0131 (TTK.m.794;805),Ta\u015f\u0131ma \u0130\u015fleri Komisyoncusunun Hapis Hakk\u0131 (TTK.m.811,812),Yard\u0131m ve Kurtarma masraflar\u0131 ile \u00fccretlerden dolay\u0131 alacakl\u0131n\u0131n hapis hakk\u0131(TTK.m.1232) dir.Avukatl\u0131k Kanununda da vekilin vekalet \u00fccreti alaca\u011f\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k olarak m\u00fcvekkile ait evrak ve sair e\u015fya \u00fczerinde sahip oldu\u011fu hapis hakk\u0131 d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir.<\/div>\n
\n

C.Medeni Kanunda Yer Alan Hapis Hakk\u0131n\u0131n \u00d6zel \u00c7e\u015fitleri<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n
\u0130yiniyetli zilyedin mala yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 masraflar i\u00e7in geri verece\u011fi mal \u00fczerinde (MK.m.994), arazisine d\u00fc\u015fen veya giren \u015feyin veya hayvan\u0131n aranmas\u0131na izin veren arazi malikinin u\u011frad\u0131\u011f\u0131 zarar\u0131n tazmini i\u00e7in d\u00fc\u015fen veya giren mal veya hayvan \u00fczerinde (MK.m.752\/f.2;BK.m.57) haiz olduklar\u0131 al\u0131koyma hakk\u0131 genel hapis hakk\u0131ndan farkl\u0131d\u0131r. S\u00f6z konusu mallarda, alacakl\u0131, bor\u00e7lunun r\u0131zas\u0131 olmadan dolays\u0131z zilyetli\u011fi kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Di\u011fer taraftan alacakl\u0131n\u0131n hakk\u0131, bor\u00e7 \u00f6deninceye kadar bu mallar\u0131 geri vermekten ka\u00e7\u0131nmaktan ibarettir; s\u00f6z konusu mallar\u0131 paraya \u00e7evirterek alaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tahsil yetkisi yoktur. [81]<\/div>\n
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SONU\u00c7<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n
T\u00fcrk Medeni Kanunu\u2019nun 950.953. maddelerinde d\u00fczenlenen hapis hakk\u0131 teslime ba\u011fl\u0131 rehinle bir\u00e7ok benzerlik g\u00f6sterdi\u011finden ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r rehni tipi olarak kabul edilmektedir.S\u00f6z konusu maddelerde yer alan d\u00fczenlemeler uyar\u0131nca hapis hakk\u0131 alacakl\u0131ya bir\u00e7ok fayda sa\u011flamaktad\u0131r. Hapis hakk\u0131 alacakl\u0131ya zilyetli\u011finde bulunan ve geri verilmesi gerekli olan bor\u00e7luya ait ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r mallar ve k\u0131ymetli evrak\u0131 geri vermeyerek alaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n teminat\u0131 olarak al\u0131koyma ve paraya \u00e7evirme yetkisi vermektedir.<\/div>\n
Hapis hakk\u0131n\u0131n sona ermesi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan da \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmam\u0131zda da a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z gibi baz\u0131 farkl\u0131l\u0131klar d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda teslime ba\u011fl\u0131 rehni sona erdiren sebepler ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011finde hapis hakk\u0131 da sona erecektir.<\/div>\n
\n

KAYNAK\u00c7A<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n
\n\nKAYNAK\u00c7A\n\nAKINT\u00dcRK Turgut\/KARAMAN ATE\u015e Derya: \u201cBor\u00e7lar Hukuku\u201d, Beta Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k, \u0130stanbul 2012.\n\nAK\u0130PEK, Jale \/ AKINT\u00dcRK, Turgut: E\u015fya Hukuku, Beta Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k, \u0130stanbul 2009.\n\nCANSEL Erol:\u201cT\u00fcrk Hususi Hukukunda Hapis Hakk\u0131\u201d, Ankara 1961.\n\n\u00c7ET\u0130NER Bilgehan: Hapis Hakk\u0131, Filiz Kitabevi,\u0130stanbul 2010.\n\nERG\u00dcNE M. Serkan: Hukukumuzda Ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r Rehninin \u00d6zellikle Teslime Ba\u011fl\u0131 Ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r Rehninin Kurulu\u015fu, \u0130stanbul 2002.\n\nERTA\u015e \u00a0\u015eeref: E\u015fya Hukuku, Se\u00e7kin Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k, 9. Bas\u0131, \u0130zmir 2011.\n\n\u0130MRE Zahit:Hapis Hakk\u0131 \u00dczerine Bir Tetkik,\u0130HFM.,c.XVII,\u0130stanbul 1952.\n\nK\u00d6PR\u00dcL\u00dc B\u00fclent\/KANET\u0130 Selim: S\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 Ayni Haklar, 2.Bas\u0131, \u0130stanbul 1982-1983.\n\nO\u011eUZMAN, Kemal \/ SEL\u0130\u00c7\u0130, \u00d6zer \/ OKTAY-\u00d6ZDEM\u0130R, Saibe: E\u015fya Hukuku, Filiz Kitabevi, 11. Bas\u0131, \u0130stanbul 2006.\n\nhttp:\/\/www.turkhukuksitesi.com\/makale_749.htm\n\n[1] AK\u0130PEK, Jale \/ AKINT\u00dcRK, Turgut: E\u015fya Hukuku, Beta Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k, \u0130stanbul 2009, s.857, O\u011eUZMAN, Kemal \/SEL\u0130\u00c7\u0130, \u00d6zer \/ OKTAY-\u00d6ZDEM\u0130R, Saibe: E\u015fya Hukuku, Filiz Kitabevi, 11. Bas\u0131, \u0130stanbul 2006, s. 806, K\u00d6PR\u00dcL\u00dcB\u00fclent\/KANET\u0130 Selim: S\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 Ayni Haklar, 2.Bas\u0131, \u0130stanbul 1982-1983,s.512,s.744, ERTA\u015e, \u015eeref: E\u015fya Hukuku, Se\u00e7kin Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k, 9. Bas\u0131, \u0130zmir 2011,s.556.\n\n[2] \u00c7ET\u0130NER Bilgehan, Hapis Hakk\u0131, Filiz Kitabevi,\u0130stanbul 2010, s. 40-41\n\n[3] \u00c7ET\u0130NER , s. 31.\n\n[4] Z\u00fcrcherK\/Oftinger\/Bar,ZGB,Art.895,Rn.152,naklen \u00c7ET\u0130NER,s.44-47-48.\n\n[5] \u00c7ET\u0130NER, s. 35.\n\n[6] \u00c7ET\u0130NER,s.34.\n\n[7] Ayn\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fte K\u00d6PR\u00dcL\u00dc\/KANET\u0130, s. 512, \u0130MRE Zahit,Hapis Hakk\u0131 \u00dczerine Bir Tetkik,\u0130HFM.,c.XVII,\u0130stanbul 1952, s. 744-746.\n\n[8] CANSEL Erol, \u201cT\u00fcrk Hususi Hukukunda Hapis Hakk\u0131\u201d, Ankara 1961, s. 19.\n\n[9] \u00c7ET\u0130NER s.49.\n\n[10] AKINT\u00dcRK Turgut\/KARAMAN ATE\u015e Derya: \u201cBor\u00e7lar Hukuku\u201d, Beta Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k, \u0130stanbul 2012, s. 117.\n\n[11] \u00c7ET\u0130NER, s. 53.\n\n[12] \u00c7ET\u0130NER, s. 53.\n\n[13] http:\/\/www.turkhukuksitesi.com\/makale_749.htm\n\n[14] O\u011eUZMAN\/SEL\u0130\u00c7\u0130\/\u00d6ZDEM\u0130R, s. 807.\n\n[15] O\u011eUZMAN\/SEL\u0130\u00c7\u0130\/\u00d6ZDEM\u0130R, s. 807.\n\n[16] O\u011eUZMAN\/SEL\u0130\u00c7\u0130\/\u00d6ZDEM\u0130R, s. 807.\n\n[17] ERTA\u015e, s. 557.\n\n[18] O\u011eUZMAN\/SEL\u0130\u00c7\u0130\/\u00d6ZDEM\u0130R, s. 807.\n\n[19] CANSEL, s. 40.\n\n[20] http:\/\/www.turkhukuksitesi.com\/makale_749.htm\n\n[21] CANSEL, s. 41, O\u011eUZMAN\/SEL\u0130\u00c7\u0130\/\u00d6ZDEM\u0130R, s. 807.\n\n[22] \u0130MRE, s. 748, CANSEL, s. 41.\n\n[23] \u00c7ET\u0130NER, s. 63.\n\n[24] \u00c7ET\u0130NER, s. 63.\n\n[25] \u00c7ET\u0130NER, s. 63.\n\n[26] O\u011eUZMAN\/SEL\u0130\u00c7\u0130\/\u00d6ZDEM\u0130R, s. 807, Ayn\u0131 y\u00f6nde ERG\u00dcNE M. Serkan, Hukukumuzda Ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r Rehninin \u00d6zellikle Teslime Ba\u011fl\u0131 Ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r Rehninin Kurulu\u015fu, \u0130stanbul 2002, s. 20, ERTA\u015e, s. 557.\n\n[27] O\u011eUZMAN\/SEL\u0130\u00c7\u0130\/\u00d6ZDEM\u0130R, s. 808.\n\n[28] CANSEL, s. 52.\n\n[29] ERTA\u015e, s. 558.\n\n[30] CANSEL, s. 53.\n\n[31] O\u011eUZMAN\/SEL\u0130\u00c7\u0130\/\u00d6ZDEM\u0130R, s. 808.\n\n[32] ERTA\u015e, s. 557.\n\n[33] \u00c7ET\u0130NER, s. 75.\n\n[34] O\u011eUZMAN\/SEL\u0130\u00c7\u0130\/\u00d6ZDEM\u0130R, s. 808.\n\n[35] K\u00d6PR\u00dcL\u00dc\/KANET\u0130, s. 519.\n\n[36] \u00c7ET\u0130NER, s. 77.\n\n[37] O\u011eUZMAN\/SEL\u0130\u00c7\u0130\/\u00d6ZDEM\u0130R, s. 809.\n\n[38] ERTA\u015e, s. 558.\n\n[39] ERTA\u015e, s. 558.\n\n[40] ERTA\u015e, s. 558.\n\n[41] CANSEL, s. 72, K\u00d6PR\u00dcL\u00dc\/KANET\u0130, s. 520, ERTA\u015e, s. 558.\n\n[42] O\u011eUZMAN\/SEL\u0130\u00c7\u0130\/\u00d6ZDEM\u0130R, s. 810.\n\n[43] CANSEL, s. 63.\n\n[44] K\u00d6PR\u00dcL\u00dc\/KANET\u0130, s. 521.\n\n[45] \u00c7ET\u0130NER, s. 91.\n\n[46] CANSEL, s. 73, \u00c7ET\u0130NER, s. 92.\n\n[47] CANSEL, s. 73.\n\n[48] O\u011eUZMAN\/SEL\u0130\u00c7\u0130\/\u00d6ZDEM\u0130R, s. 810.\n\n[49] \u00c7ET\u0130NER, s. 92.\n\n[50] \u00c7ET\u0130NER, s. 92.\n\n[51] ERTA\u015e, s. 558.\n\n[52] ERTA\u015e, s. 558.\n\n[53] O\u011eUZMAN\/SEL\u0130\u00c7\u0130\/\u00d6ZDEM\u0130R, s. 810.\n\n[54] ERTA\u015e, s. 559.\n\n[55] O\u011eUZMAN\/SEL\u0130\u00c7\u0130\/\u00d6ZDEM\u0130R, s. 811.\n\n[56] CANSEL, s. 88, K\u00d6PR\u00dcL\u00dc\/KANET\u0130, s. 524, ERG\u00dcNE, s. 3.\n\n[57] O\u011eUZMAN\/SEL\u0130\u00c7\u0130\/\u00d6ZDEM\u0130R, s. 811.\n\n[58] CANSEL, s. 89.\n\n[59] ERTA\u015e, s. 559.\n\n[60] ERTA\u015e, s. 559.\n\n[61] ERTA\u015e, s. 559.\n\n[62] CANSEL, s. 94.\n\n[63] ERTA\u015e, s. 559, CANSEL, s. 94.\n\n[64] O\u011eUZMAN\/SEL\u0130\u00c7\u0130\/\u00d6ZDEM\u0130R, s. 812.\n\n[65] \u00c7ET\u0130NER, s. 121.\n\n[66] K\u00d6PR\u00dcL\u00dc\/KANET\u0130, s. 525.\n\n[67] \u00c7ET\u0130NER, s. 135.\n\n[68] \u00c7ET\u0130NER, s. 135, CANSEL,s. 98, O\u011eUZMAN\/SEL\u0130\u00c7\u0130\/\u00d6ZDEM\u0130R, s. 812.\n\n[69] \u00c7ET\u0130NER,s.135.\n\n[70] CANSEL, s. 98, K\u00d6PR\u00dcL\u00dc\/KANET\u0130, s. 526.\n\n[71] \u0130MRE, s. 772, CANSEL, s. 102, \u00a0K\u00d6PR\u00dcL\u00dc\/KANET\u0130, s. 527, AK\u0130PEK\/AKINT\u00dcRK, s. 865.\n\n[72] O\u011eUZMAN\/SEL\u0130\u00c7\u0130\/\u00d6ZDEM\u0130R, s. 812.\n\n[73] Von Tuhr\/Siegwart,95 II 1 a;K\u00d6PR\u00dcL\u00dc\/KANET\u0130,s.527 naklen O\u011eUZMAN\/SEL\u0130\u00c7\u0130\/\u00d6ZDEM\u0130R, s. 813.\n\n[74] Oser\/Sch\u00f6nenberger,Art.170,N.4. naklen O\u011eUZMAN\/SEL\u0130\u00c7\u0130\/\u00d6ZDEM\u0130R, s. 813.\n\n[75] Haluk TANDO\u011eAN,Hapis Hakk\u0131n\u0131n Temliki,AHFD.,1954,C.XI.\n\n[76] O\u011eUZMAN\/SEL\u0130\u00c7\u0130\/\u00d6ZDEM\u0130R, s. 818, ERTA\u015e, s. 557.\n\n[77] K\u00d6PR\u00dcL\u00dc\/KANET\u0130,s.529.\n\n[78] \u00c7ET\u0130NER, s. 26.\n\n[79] \u00c7ET\u0130NER, s. 26.\n\n[80] O\u011eUZMAN\/SEL\u0130\u00c7\u0130\/\u00d6ZDEM\u0130R, s. 814.\n\n[81] O\u011eUZMAN\/SEL\u0130\u00c7\u0130\/\u00d6ZDEM\u0130R, s. 814.\n\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Medeni Hukukta Hapis Hakk\u0131 T\u00fcrk Medeni Kanunu\u2019 nun Hapis Hakk\u0131 ile ilgili d\u00fczenlemeleri \u0130kinci K\u0131s\u0131m \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn Ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r Rehni ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda 950-953. maddeleri aras\u0131nda d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir.Ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r Rehininin d\u00fczenlendi\u011fi \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn birinci ayr\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 teslime ba\u011fl\u0131 rehin ve hapis hakk\u0131d\u0131r. Hapis hakk\u0131…","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4838,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[21],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2788","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ozel-hukuk"],"yoast_head":"\nMedeni Hukukta Hapis Hakk\u0131 - \u00c7elik Avukatl\u0131k<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Medeni Hukukta Hapis Hakk\u0131 T\u00fcrk Medeni Kanunu\u2019 nun Hapis Hakk\u0131 ile ilgili d\u00fczenlemeleri \u0130kinci K\u0131s\u0131m \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn Ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r Rehni ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda 950-953.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Medeni Hukukta Hapis Hakk\u0131 - 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